Calcium, is a supple gray alkaline earth metal, which is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Calcium is also at the fifth most profuse dissolved ion in seawater by both molarities and mass. Calcium is a significant nutrient that we require in our bodies. It has many imperative functions. It helps getting strong teeth and bones and is involved in muscle contractions and blood clotting, The calcium is mainly stored in our teeth and bones. Low calcium level may lead to the bone fractures and in some cases porous bones or osteoporosis, generally in old age. The intake of calcium can drop down the high blood pressure, maintain your heart functions, avert gum disease, prevent colon and rectum cancer, and help blood to clot.

Choline protects our livers from accumulating excess fatty build up as well as acting as a neurotransmitter within our brains.

Chromium is an essential mineral that plays an important role with how the body uses glucose. Chromium may be found in brewer’s yeast, grains, cereal and in some beers. It aids in maintaining the ideal blood sugar level which helps diabetic patients. It also helps in the metabolism and storage of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body that may help reduce fats. It helps improve muscle tone by burning the fats. It reduces hunger pangs, suppress cravings and appetite. It is help control the blood cholesterol level. It lowers the risks of cardiovascular problems. It also alleviates depression by stimulating the fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis that is important for brain function.

Copper, a trace element that is essential for the human body. Copper is needed to absorb and utilize iron in the body. Copper is a part of enzymes, essentially proteins that assist biochemical reactions in cells.

D-Biotin is completely absorbed by the body. It is also commonly known as Vitamin B7, and is accessible in little amounts in a lot of foods. The highest amount of D-Biotin can be found in barley, soy, milk, pancreas, kidney, liver, egg yolk and brewer’s yeast. D-Biotin is concerned with the utilization, tolerance, and metabolism of glucose. It also lowers the insulin resistance. D-Biotin is required for synthesis of fatty acids and propionate metabolism. It is also believed to have abilities of ant oxidation. It is mostly active in the body, and deficiencies are rare. Recommended doses of D-Biotin (under 10 mg per day) show no side effects.

Eleuthero- Eleuthero is a species of woody and small shrub in the family of Araliaceae native to North-eastern Asia. Eleuthero root possesses a range of medical properties, such as memory improvement, increased endurance, immunogenic, anti inflammatory, radiological protection and chemoprotective etc. If it is taken regularly, it can enhance immune function, promotes improved physical and cognitive performance, decreases cortisol levels and reduces inflammatory response etc. Many human studies suggest that Eleuthero root has been effectively used to treat the bone marrow suppression that is caused by radiation or chemotherapy, insomnia, angina, hypercholesterolemia, poor appetite and neurasthenia with headache.

Folic Acid produces healthy red blood cells and prevents anemia in both children and adults. It is especially important in pregnancy and infancy and is also believed to help in the prevention of cancer, stroke and heart disease.

Grape seed is the seeds of the ordinary grapes. They are used primarily because they have polyphenols recognized as anti oxidants. Research confirms numerous health benefits of grape seed extracts; they limit lipid oxidation, thus controlling high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. Grape seeds contain phenolics, which are useful in treatment of heart disease because they inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce inflammation, however, the results are preliminary and more research is being done to confirm these facts. A polyphenol contained in grape seeds is resveratrol which may inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation, and it may also be active against HIV by inhibiting expression and replication of the genome of the virus.

Grape Skin Extract is extracted from the skin of grapes. Grape skin extracts, particularly red grape skin extracts, are becoming popular in medicine and nutritional supplements because some recent researches have indicated that polyphenolic extracts of red grape skin can prevent and inhibit angiogenesis, and decreases the basal motility of endothelial and cancerous cells because it has inhibitory effects on the vascular endothelial growth factor and the enzyme sphingosine- 1 - phosphate, thus preventing diseases related to angiogenesis deregulation. These diseases frequently include cancers and malignant brain tumors.

Inositol is a carbocyclic polyol found in fiber rich food items such as bran, wheat or legume. Even though it is a form of sugar, it works differently from glucose. With the help of several nutrients and vitamins like B6 and B12, inositol controls fat accumulation in the liver. It is also effective in the treatment of diabetes, low blood cholesterol levels and liver problems. This essential component helps in the formation of cell membrane that allows passage of molecules in and out of the cells. It also affects the signaling molecules of the body and is important for pleasure (serotonin) activity of the brain. Some of the good sources of inositol are kidney beans, cereals with bran content and fruits like oranges and cantaloupes.

Iodine is an important trace element that plays an important role in the normal growth and development. It essential in maintaining a healthy thyroid gland which, kills harmful germs, makes up its own hormone thyroxin, and gives energy. It assists in maintaining a proper metabolic rate which can influence the blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and body weight. It is also important in the utilization of calories for energy. It plays an important role in hair, nails and teeth growth. Iodine also aids in the normal growth and maturity of reproductive organs. It also helps prevent still birth or neurocognitive conditions in babies.

Magnesium, which is a mineral used by the body to help maintain muscles, bones, and nerves. Magnesium is also needed for energy metabolism and protein synthesis.

Manganese is a trace mineral that has long been associated with musculoskeletal health. It activates enzymes in the body that is necessary for the production of collagen and proteoglycan, components of connective tissue. It also aids in the absorption of calcium in the body. It helps prevent the development of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Manganese helps in the digestion and utilization of vitamin E in the body that makes it a potent antioxidant. It fights free radicals from damaging the cells that may lead to premature aging, heart problems and cancer. It alleviates premenstrual syndrome (PMS) such as mood swings and nausea.

Molybdenum is a micromineral needed by the body for the metabolism of purines, a protein component of the DNA. Microminerals are minerals required by the human body in minute amounts (<0.005% of body weight) for enzymatic reactions. These are also known as trace elements. Molybdenum, although needed and present in the body in small amounts, it is as significant as the B-complex vitamins and Magnesium. Found abundantly in the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands and blood cells, it exists in bound form as a central part of various enzyme molecules. Some of these enzymes are: xanthine oxidase for the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid; liver aldehyde oxidase, a flavoprotein, for catalyzing the oxidation of aldehydes to corresponding carboxylic acid; and, sulfite oxidase which affects degradation of amino acid-derived sulfur. It is excreted in the urine. Molybdenum toxicity has not been observed in humans but high intakes of molybdenum can alter the activity of alkaline phosphatase and produce bone abnormalities. Doses above 10-15 mg each day causes gout-like symptoms.

Niacin is a vitamin that wards against pellagra, a disease characterized by a vitamin B3 deficiency. Niacin is made from pyridine and is often called vitamin B3 or nicotinamide, because they all three have similar formulas. Niacin and nicotinamide are comparable in make up, but only niacin works to lower cholesterol levels. The restoration of DNA is also known to be a positive side effect of taking niacin. A fairly large number of individuals, particularly those in third world countries or those suffering from alcoholism, have been shown to be lacking in niacin. Niacin is often taken as a supplement by those with high cholesterol levels, as it has been proven to lower “bad” cholesterol and raise “good” cholesterol.

PABA, the other name of p-aminobenzoic acid or 4-aminobenzoic acid, is a growth factor of some microorganisms. It is generally believed that it is a part of the molecule that forms folic acid and is necessary for the formation of the mentioned vitamin. Nevertheless, humans cannot synthesize folic acid from PABA; humans form PABA from hydrolyzing folic acid. With this, many nutritionists and medical scientists do not regard PABA as a vitamin for humans. It is, however, needed by other organisms for folic acid synthesis. For humans, it is used in making sunscreens since it aids in protecting the skin from the harmful ultraviolet rays. Aside from its skin protecting property, it is also considered an antioxidant that hinders cell oxidation by free radicals leading to damage, diseases and disorders. In the medical field, PABA is used in the preparation of some topical and local anesthetics. PABA is also considered in the pharmacologic and medical management of conditions like vitiligo, scleroderma, morphea, lymphoblastoma cutis, pemphigus and dermatomyositis. Its safety and effectiveness, aside from its sunscreen attributes, are still under clinical studies since previous researches were not considered empirical.

Pantothenic Acid, also called vitamin B5, which is a water-soluble vitamin required by the human body. Pantothenic acid is needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is vital in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Phosphate (Phosphorus) is perhaps one of the most important mineral, which in form of phosphate as an intercellular anion serves a multitude of functions. Not only are phosphates essential for the utilization of most vitamins belonging to the B complex, but they are vital for energy storage and the overall metabolism. But that is not all, phosphate is essential for healthy bones and teeth, calcium with phosphorus are required for them and soft tissues as well. But also body fluids require phosphates for excretion of hydrogen ions through the kidneys. Somewhere around one per cent of the body weight should be phosphorus in some form, therefore it is vital to supply your body with sufficient phosphates through milk, cheese, nuts, peanut butter, peas and other sources, including supplements.

Potassium- Potassium is one of the essential minerals required for proper physiological functioning of the body. It plays an important role in the regulation of heart muscles. It helps to convert glucose to glycogen. Glycogen is essential for muscle formation. Potassium also helps to propagate nerve impulses by exchanging ion within cells and also helps in muscle contractions. It helps in balancing blood pressure. It controls the proper functioning of kidney. An average adult needs 3-5 gm of potassium daily. Due to deficiency of potassium, body observes tiredness. Other deficiency symptoms are weakness of muscles, low blood pressure, vomiting, poor kidney functions and Heart arrhythmias. Severe potassium shortages quickly direct to electrolyte disproportion which involves malfunctioning of nerves, kidney and heart.

Riboflavin, an easily absorbed micronutrient, is also known by the name of Vitamin B2. It plays a key role in maintaining the health of animals as well as humans. A wide variety if cellular processes require this vitamin. It plays a key role in energy metabolism, just like other B vitamins. It is the kind of micronutrient which required for the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and ketone bodies. There are a lot of food products that are a good source of Vitamin B2. Matured soybeans, yeast, mushroom, livers, kidneys, leafy vegetables, milk, cheese, almonds are such products that are rich in this vitamin. But riboflavin does get destroyed if exposed to light. Riboflavin is a non toxic vitamin. Hence, there is no harm in taking it orally.

Saw Palmetto , a North American plant is very popular for its extract which comprises of sterols and fatty acids. It has been used by the Native Americans in the treatment of urinary and genital tract along with various other problems related to the reproductive system. The extract from saw palmetto is marketed as an aphrodisiac and since it is also anabolic, it helps in building muscle tissues. Fatty acid is what saw palmetto is made up of such as oleic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid. It is very useful for treating BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia) as it reduces the testosterone action on the prostate gland due to which the prostate doesn’t get enlarged and interferes with urine flow. Saw palmetto is very effective in curing chronic bronchitis and bladder inflammation.

Selenium is considered good for health if taken in small amounts. It is a trace mineral which when incorporated into protein, makes selenoproteins that helps stop cellular damage due to free radicals. The major source of selenium is plant foods and its content in the food depends on the selenium content in the soil where it was grown. Also known as selenium acid, selenium sulfide and selenium yeast, this mineral is available in seafood and meat products. The main function of selenium is to work with vitamin E in order to maintain the elasticity and preservation of tissues. It not only helps in improving the supply of oxygen and blood to the muscles in the heart but also slows down the aging process by enhancing endurance.

Thiamine, also called Vitamin B1 or Thiamin, is needed to help the body utilize energy from proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Thiamine is commonly found in breads and cereals. Thiamine is water-soluble and is concentrated in muscle tissue as it passes thru the body.

Vitamin A is a vitamin is needed by the retina of our eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal. This molecule is absolutely necessary for both scotopic and color vision. It also palys an important role in mainating body health, such as skin health, bone metabolism and immune function. Vitamin A is also commercially produced and administered as esters such as retinyl acetate commonly called Vitamin A acetate. Its defeciency can cause blindness. Some other problems include impaired immunity, keratosis pilaris and squamous metaplasia of the epithelium lining the upper respiratory passages and urinary bladder to a keratinized epithelium.

Vitamin B12 helps maintain different forms of cells in the human body. For example, practices such as formation, maintenance and repair of red blood cells largely depend on Vitamin B12. It also takes care of the nerve cells in the body, helping maintain a strong nervous system. It is a key entity for regular formation of DNA in the body. In case of its deficiency in the body, abnormal cell formation, called megaloblasts, occur, which can cause anemia in the body. It is a good source of relieving the body from fatigue and weakness. Cyanocobalamin also helps reduce the cholesterol levels in the body. It is efficacious in treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Vitamin B6, also known as Pyridoxine, plays an important role in the breakdown of protein, fats and carbohydrates. It helps in the production of antibodies that keeps the immune system strong. It promotes red blood cell (RBC) production. It alleviates the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome or PMS such as headaches, bloating, depression, mood swings, and abdominal pains. Vitamin B6 also prevents the development of kidney stones. It also helps reduce the build-up of homocystein in the vessels that may cause hearth attack. Vitamin B6 is also beneficial in the overall nerve health. It also prevents or decreases the susceptibility to develop carpal tunnel syndrome.

Vitamin C is L-ascorbic acid, or the active component of Vitamin C. Ascorbate, which is an ion of the ascorbic acid, is required for many metabolic reactions and is manufactured internally by most organisms, except humans. It is an essential nutrient and needs to be provided through nutrition. While oranges were traditionally deemed a good source of Vitamin C, the amount provided by an orange is dwarfed by the amount provided by the kakadu plum the richest Vitamin C plant resource of the world. Other notable sources are red peppers, parsley, Kiwifruit, Guava, Broccoli, Camu Camu, rose hip, Jujube, papaya, strawberries, lemon, melon and similar. Vitamin C is essential for tyrosine, carnitine and collagen synthesis, is the most widely available antioxidant and furthermore is vital for blood vessels, cartilage and scar tissue.

Vitamin D is actually a group of prohormones, all fat soluble, whereby ergocalciferol, or Vitamin D2 and cholecalciferol, also known as Vitamin D3 are the most common forms. The Vitamin D3 form is made when human skin is exposed to UV B radiation. The active form of Vitamin D is calcitrol and it is required in the body to manage phosphorus and calcium levels, but, among other functions, to affect anti tumor activity, immunomodulatory functions and much more. Vitamin D, or more accurately calcitrol, is being bound to a carrier protein, which allows it to be transported throughout the body to the various destinations. The Vitamin D receptors, steroid and thyroid hormone receptors, can be found in most organs, including the brain, skin, heart, breast, prostate and gonads.

Vitamin E consists of eight related vitamins that are all fat soluble and have antioxidant properties. The alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols with the corresponding tocotrienols all belong to the Vitamin E group, whereby the alpha-tocopherol has been found to be the most bioavailable form. Vitamin E is commonly found in food sources like eggs, milk, nuts, seeds, vegetable oil like olive oil, wholegrain foods, wheat germ, red palm oil, but also in asparagus and avocado fruits. While Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant, several other properties have been noted as well, such as prevention of damage to neurons, cholesterol reduction and cancer prevention. Vitamin E has been also identified as a vital signaling molecule, whereby the primary necessity of Vitamin E to human survival is still not clear.

Vitamin K- The lipophillic, hydrophobic vitamins needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins is denoted by the Vitamin K. It is required mostly for blood coagulation. K3, K4 and K5 are the three types of synthetic Vitamin K that are used in many areas. Pet food industry makes use of Vitamin K3 whereas Vitmanin K5 is used to inhibit fungal growth. The main sources of vitamin K are spinach, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage and a few fruits like kiwifruit and avocado. Recent research shows that vitamin K helps in increasing bone mass. Research also shows that the consumption of vitamin K helps in promoting osteotrophic processes while at the same time slowing the osteoclastic processes. This process is done by achieving the calcium bonding in the bones.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is used in many healing processes to speed up the healing process in instance that include sunburned skin, diaper rash and helps prevent premature aging of the skin.