Betaine was named this due to the source it was discovered in, Beta vulgaris or sugar beets, is an organic compound that is deemed related to trimethylaminoethanol, or choline. To diversify it from other betaines, trimethylglycine is often called glycine betaine as well. Humans generally ingest betaine through their diet, because it is high in content in wheat, whole wheat, shellfish, sugar beets and spinach. It can also be formed in the human body out of choline. As a potential methyl donor, trimethylglycine, or TMG for short, is in the same provider group with Vitamin B12, the folic acid, choline and S-adenosyl methionine, or SAMe. TMG also plays a vital function in the production of carnitine, furthermore it works in protecting kidneys and the liver.

Caffeine is the most widely available legal psychoactive stimulant drug. Also known as theine, methyltheobromine and trimethylxanthine, this xanthine alkaloid is not only found in coffee beans, but also in guaranine that is derived from guarana, mateine derived from mate, theine which is found in various teas and the kola nut, which is the base flavor of various Cola soft drinks. It stimulates the central nervous system, where it restores alertness and wards off drowsiness. Caffeine is also know to display certain diuretic properties, is an ergogenic, an atagonist of the adenosine receptors, and a cAMP levels increasing factor. It seems that caffeine helps prevent the onset of Parkinson’s disease and in the long run lowers the possibility of developing a heart disease.

Cinnamon is becoming well known as a means of gaining some control or health conditions such as glucose intolerance as well as Diabetes. It is a most common treatment for diabetes in India.

Citrulline Malate is the commercial form of the alpha amino acid citrulline. It is used in performance enhancing supplements for athletes. It has reported antiasthenic effects, which means that it is effective against weakness or muscle fatigue. A scientific study was conducted where some subjects reporting fatigue, but without any disease symptoms, were given this substance. The results indicated that the ingestion of the substance not only resulted in a significant reduction in the feeling of fatigue but also led to a 34% increase in the ATP (the energy currency of the cells) production during exercise. The study also indicated that this substance takes an active part in the production of oxidative ATP.

Creatine-Fumarate is one of the forms of creatine used by many professional athletes to improve their performance and endurance. Creatine is bound to a molecule of fumarate, a salt or ester of fumaric acid. Creatine is a naturally occurring nitrogenous organic acid in vertebrates that supports in energy supplication in the muscle tissues. It is produced in the body from three amino acids: arginine, methionine and glycine. It is abundantly present in the muscles, brain and both as free creatine and as a phosphate-bound creatine. When supplemented, creatine is beneficial in gaining muscle mass and aids in muscular recovery after strenuous work out. Fumarate, the ester of fumaric acid, is a dicarboxylic acid intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It can be derived from tyrosine, phenylalanine and aspartate for the input to the Krebs Cycle, the process of producing usable energy. Having these two moieties combined, they provide dual support in the enhancing muscle mass, endurance and performance. This supplement is contraindicated to preganant and lactating women.

Creatine-Succinate is an analogue of creatine, an alternative source of energy for muscular tissue. The creatine molecule is attached to the ester of succinic acid, succinate. Supplementary creatine has been used many professional athletes to improve and enhance their performance and endurance. succinic acid, in its ester orm of succinate, plays a vital role in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. In the electron transport chain, succinic acid can donate electrons and with flavin adenine dinucleotide forms fumarate. With creatine and succinate together, the beneficial effect of one moiety is potentiated by the other. Further, synergistic actions in producing energy can be theoretically claimed. The Food and Drug Administration has regarded this supplement to be safe for human consumption. However, there is a recommended dose and that creatine toxicity is likely that may cause serious kidney and liver damage.

Histidine is among the 20 standard amino acids that exist in proteins. Nutritionally, it is considered an essential amino acid in infants. After growing up, humans start to synthesize histidine and thus it turns into a non-essential amino acid. Different histidine compounds, such as anserine, carnosine, and ergothionine, are found in blood and tissues. Key sources of histidine include dairy, poultry, meat, and fish, besides wheat, rice and rye. Histidine is required for growth, tissue repair, and maintenance of myelin sheaths that protect nerve cells. It is also needed for synthesis of red and white blood cells, and assists in protecting the body from damage rendered by radiation. It helps remove heavy metals from the body. It also helps produce gastric juices in the stomach. Histidine can help with sexual arousal, functioning and enjoyment.

L-Arginine-Fumarate exists as a compound of the semi-essential amino acid , L-arginine, and an intermediary factor of the citric acid cycle. L-arginine, being a semi-essential amino acid is synthesized in the body in adequate amounts by healthy individuals. However, persons with burn injuries, undergone a surgery or with protein metabolism disorder may require l-arginine supplementation. Recent studies have found out that l-arginine has significant effects in treating cardiovascular diseases. It is converted to nitric oxide, which then causes the lumen of blood vessels to dilate thereby decreasing peripheral vascular resistance, hence lowering blood pressure. With increased lumen, oxygenation of cells is also increased. Fumarate, on the other hand, is an intermediate in the Krebs Cycle (also Citric Acid Cycle) to produce usable energy. It is formed by oxidizing succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. With these two components together, there is dual support for cardiovascular health.

L-Arginine-Succinate is an essential protein amino acid, which is required for normal function and healing of the body. It is particularly vital for young children and older people because it stimulates production of growth hormone. In normal conditions the body produces enough L-arginine for normal body function, but different injuries or conditions can limit the production of L-arginine in the body. It has been found to be essential for producing urea that assists in removing toxic ammonia from the body. It is also vital for producing creatine that is used by bodybuilders or athletes to enhance strength and body mass. It is also particularly helpful in healing process from sepsis, trauma, and burns. Studies also indicate its usefulness in treatment of cardiovascular disease by decreasing blood pressure and lowering the LDL (bad) cholesterol levels.

L-Glutamine- Glutamine is an amino acid which is responsible for a multitude of biochemical functions in humans. L-Glutamine is generally found in dietary sources such as chicken, beef, eggs, milk and dairy products, fish, spinach, wheat, parsley, cabbages, beans and beets. Glutamine is apparently the most common amino acid occurring naturally, furthermore this non essential amino acid is one of just a few, which are able to directly cross the blood brain barrier. In the human body, L-Glutamine is found in the skeletal muscles, but also in the blood. Besides the vital biological functions, such as fuel for brain, blocking cortisol induced protein catabolism, immune function assistance, protein synthesis and in DNA synthesis, L-Glutamine is used as a supplement for ailing and injured, improving recovery, but also as muscle growth agent in body building and athletic circles.

L-Taurine , which contains cysteine and methoinine is an essential amino acid. It acts as a diuretic by maintaining the level of magnesium and potassium in our cells while purging sodium. It improves the functioning of kidney and gets rid of fluid accumulation and swelling and thus keeps our body away from toxicity. It maintains a good balance of calcium in our body and strenghtens the heart muscles too. L-Taurine is also used in the treatment of progressive eye conditions, hypertension, memory loss, cystic fibrosis and in atherosclerosis. It is often mixed in energy drinks because while working out the level of L-taurine drops in the skeletan muscle, L-taurine supplements lowers the level of exhaustion and improves endurance. Besides being found in meat and egg yolks it is abundantly found in shellfish.

L-Tyrosine is a proteinogenic polar amino acid, deemed not essential because it can be synthesized by the human body. As a member of the amino acid group that is being used by cells to build proteins, this building block derived its name from the Greek word tyros, which means cheese, because it was discovered in the cheese protein casein. L-Tyrosine can be synthesized from phenylalanine and can be found in foods high on protein, like soy products, poultry, cheese, bananas, dairy products and several seeds, including the sesame seeds. The unique phenol functionality and the occurrence in proteins that belong to the signal transduction process, make this amino acid different. Tyrosine can be converted by tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme into levodopa, a psychoactive drug that is used, among other uses, for clinical treatment of Parkinson’s disease. It is also involved in the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Monosodium Phosphate, otherwise termed as monobasic sodium phosphate, a compound of sodium ion and phosphate ion. It is commercially available in crystal or powder form and used as a laxative or purgative. A recent study done by Dr. Gerard F. Judd (2001), a chemist and fluoride researcher, suggested that monosodium phosphate can act as a dental protectant. The tooth enamel, which is primarily calcium phosphate, reacts with acids forming cavities. The hydrogen ion takes the phosphate ion from the enamel thereby disforming the tooth enamel. Monosodium phosphate is the best source for phosphate for the reformation of tooth enamel. It is water-soluble and it only takes one gram to supplement the needed phosphate for bone and teeth mineralization, DNA and RNA formation and synthesis of phosphate-containing enzymes in the body. Furthermore, it helps in regulating the bosy’s acid-base balance.

Niacinamide, also known as Nicotinamide is water-soluble and usually found in Vitamin B3. It is normally seen in different dietary supplements as well as energy medications. One good thing about the Niacinamide is that compared to other water soluble vitamins, it does not contain any harmful effects such as flushing or even skin irritations. Niacinamide also has an anti-inflammatory property, because of this, Niacinamide is also being used to cure acne and other kinds of skin diseases. It can either be taken orally, or some kinds of medications include this in their formula as a topical cream or even as a topical gel.

Picamilon - In Russia, Picamilon is used to treat various health conditions that include anxiety, headache, brain injury, glaucoma, and depression. Over the years, Picamilon became extremely popular as a highly effective form of treatment for depression and anxiety. A lot of people have already got their lives on track by using Picamilon. It is believed to have a tranquilizing effect and aids in mood enhancement by preventing the negative physiological effects of emotional stress. Research indicates that Picamilon improves the blood flow and circulation in the brain and induces a tranquilized but energized effect. Due to the absence of any sedative qualities, it does not affect daily activities. People taking Picamilon usually feel the impact quickly sometimes in less than an hour and the effect usually stays on for about four to six hours.

Sodium is the element that has the atomic number 11 in the periodic table and is commonly known as the main component in the table salt, together with chloride. Interestingly enough, it is probably the one dietary component which does require limitation rather than supplementation, since that average daily nutritional requirement is around half a gram per day. This most popular food seasoning, salt, is providing the most common source of sodium and chloride in human diets, but is generally overused and may cause health problems, such as high blood pressure, if consumed overly generously. The suggested dose of table salt, or rather the upper limit portion, would be somewhat less than 6 gram per day, according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, referenced by FDA. In the UK this limit is set at four grams per day.

Vitamin B12 is one of the eight B vitamins and is a water soluble vitamin. It is also called cobalamin. It has a very complex chemical structure which is evident from its molecular formula C63H88CoN14O14P. The word vitamin is from the Greek word vitae which mean life. This is indicative of the importance of these chemicals for the body. In fact, this vitamin serves many functions which are vital to life. These include production of blood, normal functioning of the brain and the nervous system, DNA and fatty acid synthesis and regulation and the metabolism of all cells in general. This vitamin can only be synthesized by bacteria.

Vitamin B6- There are three traditionally considered forms of vitamin B6: pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxamine (PM). The phosphate ester (PLP) has a leading role in metabolism of human body. It is obtained from the diet since humans cannot manufacture it. PLP is crucial in over 100 enzymes that enable important chemical reactions in the human body. In the brain, the manufacture of neurotransmitters like serotonin from tryptophan is made possible by PLP. PLP is also a coenzyme in the production of the iron coating component of hemoglobin called heme. Signs of vitamin B6 deficiency include irritability, depression and confusion, inflammation of the tongue, sores or ulcers of the mouth and the skin at the corner of the mouth.