Betaine was named this due to the source it was discovered in, Beta vulgaris or sugar beets, is an organic compound that is deemed related to trimethylaminoethanol, or choline. To diversify it from other betaines, trimethylglycine is often called glycine betaine as well. Humans generally ingest betaine through their diet, because it is high in content in wheat, whole wheat, shellfish, sugar beets and spinach. It can also be formed in the human body out of choline. As a potential methyl donor, trimethylglycine, or TMG for short, is in the same provider group with Vitamin B12, the folic acid, choline and S-adenosyl methionine, or SAMe. TMG also plays a vital function in the production of carnitine, furthermore it works in protecting kidneys and the liver.

BPOV or bis-Picolinato Oxo-Vanadium is chemically-altered vanadium that enhances the body’s response to insulin. It works by mimicking the insulin that promotes the anabolic response. It helps in the formation and building of muscles by forcing the glycogen and nutrients into the muscles to induce anabolic state for a sustained period of time. It is an ingredient most bodybuilders seek in their supplements because it does not contain sugar that induces fat and glycemic carbohydrates. BPOV also helps prevent the build up of cholesterol in the blood vessels that may lead to heart diseases. It also regulates and controls blood sugar level which is necessary for diabetic patients.

Caffeine is a methylated xenthine discovered in 1819 by Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, a German chemist. Sources of Caffeine include beans, fruit and leaves of some plants. Caffeine available for human consumption is most commonly extracted from the coffee plant cherries and tea bush leaves, as well as foods and drinks that contain products derived from the kola nut. Caffeine can temporarily reduce the sensation of being tired; however, this does not mean that it eliminates the need for sleep. Generally, twenty five to fifty milligrams of caffeine is enough for most consumers to report an increase in alertness and arousal. Caffeine should be not be consumed by those with fecal incontinence as it relaxes the internal anal sphincter muscles.

Citrulline Malate is not only effective in boosting endurance but it also provides energy to the body for quick recovery. This ingredient is a mix of citrulline, involved in urea cycle and a malate which is a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate. Citrulline Malate is said to enhance the performance of muscles in patients who suffer from asthenia. Generally prescribed for antiasthenic treatments, it is also effective in controlling sensation of fatigue. Citrulline Malate is a compound which consists of citrulline, an amino acid found in water melons. According to European clinicians, it not only enhances the level of energy but also helps in increasing the feeling of well being in the human body. Citrulline Malate is sold as a dietary supplement for enhancing the performance of athletes. As a supplement, it is a salt form of the amino acid.

Creatinol-O-Phosphate is not a form of creatine, it is named as such because of its molecular structure’s similarity to that of creatine. It basically acts like an intracellular buffer similar to carnosine, it stabilizes the acidity level and allows muscle contractions to continue. It increases the endurance of athletes letting them train harder and longer. Creatinol-O-Phosphate it is also resistant to biological process and is easily absorbed. It improves how the creatine acts in the muscle by prolonging the anaerobic glycolysis in the presence of lactic acid. It allows the muscles to push to the limit by acting as a buffer.

Di Arginine Malate is an arginine molecule bound to a malic acid molecule. It is used as a supplement by athletes and muscle gainers due to its numerous health benefits. Studies show that Di-Arginine maintains nitrogen balance in the muscle, which increases the production of nitric oxide. This increase in nitric oxide can help transport of oxygen and other nutrients to the working muscle. It is also useful in enhancing the immune system. Di-arginine malate is preferred over ordinary arginine because it offers better delivery rate. Some research also shows that it can be beneficial for weight control.

Glycerol Monostearate also referred to as GMS. It is that fat that is formed when glycerol is esterified with stearic acid. It occurs in the body naturally as a by-product of fats and it can also be found in certain fatty foods. Glycerol Monostearate increases the endurance by retaining water in the body. They glycerol helps lower the body temperature and delay fatigue while increasing the performance. It also helps in reducing the acidity that forms in the muscle. It also improves the absorption of other supplements by helping in the delivery the nutrients in the system. It is also ideal, in losing weight because it enhances the metabolism.

Glycine Sinesis Concentrate is derived from the extract of the plant, more commonly known as Chinese Glycine. It enhances the production of energy, increases endurance and helps in weight loss. Glycine Sinesis contains xanthins that acts like caffeine but stronger and more potent. It is also an effective diuretic. It helps maintain the proper function of pituitary gland that supplies the body with an extra supply of creatine. It also helps in burning fats for use of energy and for the development of lean muscles. It also helps in maintaining the blood sugar level and blood pressure level. It helps in treating and preventing cardio vascular problems.

Histidine is among the 20 standard amino acids that exist in proteins. Nutritionally, it is considered an essential amino acid in infants. After growing up, humans start to synthesize histidine and thus it turns into a non-essential amino acid. Different histidine compounds, such as anserine, carnosine, and ergothionine, are found in blood and tissues. Key sources of histidine include dairy, poultry, meat, and fish, besides wheat, rice and rye. Histidine is required for growth, tissue repair, and maintenance of myelin sheaths that protect nerve cells. It is also needed for synthesis of red and white blood cells, and assists in protecting the body from damage rendered by radiation. It helps remove heavy metals from the body. It also helps produce gastric juices in the stomach. Histidine can help with sexual arousal, functioning and enjoyment.

Taurine is found in high levels in the human heart and skeletal muscles. It is an amino sulfonic acid which is also present in the central nervous system and white blood cells. The human body produces this essential acid naturally so that it helps in absorbing vitamins and digesting fats. This acid reduces the problem of high blood pressure in adults and it is also being used for treating bipolar depression. Popularly known as a health supplement, Taurine has always been used in various health products. Bodybuilders are recommended to take Taurine along with creatine as it can prevent muscle soreness and fatigue. This amino acid is listed as one of the main supplemental ingredients in various energy drinks. For instance, drinks such as Rockstar and Monster, contain approximately 2000 mg of Taurine.

Tri-Creatine Malate is a compound made from creatine monohydrate and malic acid. The substance has three creatine molecules attached to one molecule of malic acid. It is used as a supplement by sportsmen and bodybuilders to increase performance and stamina during workouts. Tri-creatine malate is preferred by many over other creatine forms because it is believed to offer greater bioavailability. It helps produce and circulate ATP - adenosine tri-phosphate that is responsible for muscular contraction, which in turn results in greater stamina. Some research also show that regular use of Tri-creatine malate helps in gaining greater lean body mass.